FUTA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DRYING KINETICS OF FISH (Clarias gariepinus) SMOKED WITH BIOGAS

O. S. Oyerinde — 2021-11-29

This is aimed at studying the aeration kinetics of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) smoked directly with biogas. Five live fresh fishes (Clarias gariepinus) were obtained from Fishery and Aquaculture Technology Department in FUTA, Ondo State, Nigeria at the age of 4 months with average weight of 900g each. The fishes were killed, de-gutted, thoroughly washed with water, cut into pieces of 3cm length. The chunks were laid in a single layer on a mesh directly exposed to biogas flame obtained from bio-decomposition of poultry waste and the weight was being monitored at 15 minutes interval until constant weight was observed. The study showed that the time taken for drying of Clarias gariepinus to reach the humidity point of around 12.43% (db.) was two and a half hours. The drying data was subjected to 10 thin-layer drying models. The compared the performances of the models using the determination of coefficient (R²), reduced chisquare (x²) and root mean square error (RMSE) between the calculated and predicted moisture ratios. The results showed that Henderson and Pabis modified model (highest R² and lowest x² and RMSE of 0.998, 0.00021 and 0.01386 respectively) was found to satisfactorily describe the biogas drying curves of Clarias gariepinus.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE REINFORCED STEEL BARS OBTAINED FROM A FAILED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AND THE SHELVES

Oluwatoyin Olaseinde — 2021-11-29

Nigeria is a developing nation, the need to build structures is on high rise. The rate of structure failure and building collapse is also on the rise. This paper presents a comparative study on Mechanical Properties of Reinforced steel bars obtained from the shelves, and that obtained from the failed structure of a residential building which is then compared to International standard NO-432 . Steels are main reinforcing materials for most structural buildings, but when the integrity is compromised, it leads to devastating consequences. The quality of concrete and steel reinforcement must be such that has appropriate yield strength so that the structure can sustain the require load within the required time interval. The Ultimate Tensile Strength and percentage elongation of the steel bars obtained from the two sources were investigated. One of the sources was a reinforcing bar used in Millennium Estate, Mary Land, Lagos State, Nigeria. The steel bar samples of sizes 10mm and 16mm diameter were subjected to mechanical testing using a universal testing machine. The percentage elongation met with the standards while the 16mm samples are below the standards for both the failed structure and shelves.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BED-TO-TUBE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS IN BUBBLING FLUIDIZED BED

Bamiji Zacheous Adewole — 2021-11-29

The overall bed-to-tube heat transfer coefficients of the blends of Lafia-obi coal and coconut shells have been investigated in a bubbling fluidized bed combustor. Experiments were performed at five different particle sizes of coal (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mm) and five different particle sizes of coconut shells (2, 6, 10,14 and 18 mm) for different blend proportions of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Results obtained showed that the overall bed-to-tube heat transfer coefficient decreased with increasing coconut shell particle size in the blends. Combined effects of high radiation from large particle size of coal (25 mm) and high convection heat from small particle size of coconut shell (2 mm) at blend proportion of 10 and 50% produced the maximum bed-to-tube heat transfer coefficient. Due to the importance of heat exchange in the fluidized bed, it is observed that the contribution of biomass co-firing with coal is significant, hence, co-firing at optimal particle size and biomass blend ratio is imperative for achieving higher bed-to-tube heat transfer in the fluidized bed boiler.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RAILWAY BALLAST DEGRADATION USING THE MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

Ashiru Mohammed — 2021-11-29

Ballast degradation through attrition and breakage during operations affects the structural performance of the railway track system. In an attempt to study railway ballast degradation changes due to train cyclic loading at micro-scale. This study quantified and compared the changes that occur on ballast particles due to ballast degradation using LAA test and image analysis techniques. TB/T 2328.14-2008 gradation use by china railways was adopted. Series of LAA tests were conducted to accelerate the ballast particle breakage and abrasion, in a sequence of 250 turns of the LAA test drum, after which the changes in gradation and morphological properties were quantified. The morphological properties were quantified using imaging techniques (Aggregate Image measurement system (AIMS)). At the end of the study, the overall results showed that ballast degradation has a strong correlation with the ballast particle's morphological properties. The relationships and the indices of morphological changes can be used for numerical modeling and simulations using discrete element method (DEM) to study the performance of ballast at different degradation levels.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HAND-PUSH WEEDER FOR CUTTING WEEDS

Olufemi Adeyemi Adetola — 2021-11-29

An hand-push weeder was designed, fabricated and evaluated for household use and peasant farmers in order to mechanize cutting process and minimize the higher aggressive nature of weeds contrasted with harvests poising major danger to crop production, the invasion on soils is very high particularly during the raining seasons when soil moisture is high and plant development conditions are ideal. The major components of the weeder are the weeding drum and frame made of mild steel, adjustable handle made of galvanized steel, transmission system made up of belt and pulley mechanism, two wheels both at the front and rear. The highest weeding efficiency of 93.496% and field capacity of 0.055 ha/hr were obtained based on some parameters that influence mechanized weeding (soil condition, age of weed, number of weed, and optimum speed of the weeding machine been 1800rpm). The production cost of the weeder is $185 and it is powered by a 3 hp gasoline engine.

STORABILITY POTENTIAL OF CARROT (Daucuscarota L.) UNDER STEM SPONGE PADDED EVAPORATIVE COOLING STRUCTURES

Oyebola Olabinjo — 2021-11-29

A zero energy stem sponge padded evaporative cooling storage was evaluated using fresh carrots (Daucuscarota L.) with control refrigerator and a similar structure without any cooling pad. The overall percentage loss in weight (during the period of experiment) of the carrot was much in the refrigerator (53.97%) and control structure (32.80%) compared to those stored in the evaporative cooling structure (25.19%). Similarly, trend of result was recorded in firmness, loss in firmnesss of the carrots stored in the control structure was greater than the ones in the evaporative cooling sytructre. However, the evaluation of the evaporative cooling system shows that the carrots can be stored for an average of twelve (12) days with negligible changes in weight, colour and firmness unlike the refrigerator and the control structure which noticeable changes began to occur from the fifth day. The modification of the microclimate by use of the zero energy evaporative and evapotranspirative cooling principles helps attain the microclimate conditions favourable for longer storage periods. With reference to the developed stem sponge padded cooler in this study, the modified environment helped in reducing respiration and metabolic rates in the stored carrots. The high relative humidity and low temperatures in the padded evaporative cooling system discouraged microorganism action on the stored carrots leading to a lengthened shelf-life

FORMATION DAMAGE MECHANISMS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF PERMEABILITY IMPAIRMENT IN HORIZONTAL WELLS

Tunde Adeosun — 2021-11-29

Puzzling circumstance associated with formation damage near wellbore occur frequently, resulting in permeability impairments and increased pressure losses. Potential damage phenomenon usually starts from drilling to completion via production and such mechanisms have been fully considered. Most of the existing tasks to mitigate the near oil wellbore damages involve use of empirical models, conducting experiments, frequent shut down of wells for proper well tests and pressure maintenance are highly expensive and time consuming. Permeability impairments have been simulated by modifying Darcyâ€™s equation to optimize reservoir pressure for improved near wellbore in horizontal wells. The model, transient linear partial differential equation (TLPDE) for impaired permeability is developed and numerically resolved using finite difference method. The model was implemented by writing codes in MATLAB language and the solution obtained was validated using synthetic/ field data. The results obtained for TLPDE model indicated pressure depletion over time. This was also shown for every values of coefficient of anisotropy until 400 days when the anisotropy became insignificant approaching isotropy condition, suggesting permeability impairment. Numerical simulation proved to be effective in simulating near oil wellbore damages. This paper describes the detailed mechanisms of formation damage and provided a numerical approach to model impaired permeability in horizontal wells. This approach allowed us to study the impact of various damage mechanisms related to drilling, completion conditions and significant improvement of near oil wellbore for well performance.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF KAOLINITE CLAY PARTICLES REINFORCED EPOXY MATRIX COMPOSITES

O O. Daramola — 2021-11-29

Epoxy matrix composites reinforced with fine clay particles were developed by hand lay-up open mould casting technique. The clay used in this study was pulverized and processed into fine particles through sedimentation process. The composites were developed by mixing the epoxy matrix and hardener with various weight fractions of fine clay particles (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 wt%) in an open test moulds. In order to accomplish a uniform blend of the constituents; manual mixing of the blend was carried out for 3 min. The test specimens were left to cure for 24 hours in the moulds and for additional 30 days at room temperature of 25 ± 2 °C and were thereafter detached from the moulds. The developed composites test specimens were subjected to mechanical tests (flexural, tensile and impact) in accordance with ASTM standards and performed at room temperature. Structural characteristics of the clay particles were determined using X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The morphologies of the composites were determined utilizing scanning electron microscope (SEM). There was progressive enhancement in the mechanical properties of epoxy composites containing 2-6 wt.% fine clay particles while drastic decrease in the mechanical properties were noticed in the epoxy/clay composites reinforced with 8-10 wt.% fine clay particles. The SEM images revealed homogeneous particles distributions within the epoxy matrix at lower fine clay particles weight fractions (2 wt. % and 6 wt.%).

DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SMALL-SCALE GROUNDNUT SHELLING MACHINE

O. Z. Ayodeji — 2021-11-29

Food serves as one of the requirements for the survival of every living being. It exists in various forms and one of this is Groundnut. Groundnut (Arachis hypogea), apart from being considered for food, creates jobs and sources of income for the teeming populace and contributes to GDP of the countries where grown; its contributions to the national growth increase when its production is mechanized. However, in spite of the use of mechanized method of farming, the contributions are still low in developing countries, compared to the developed countries. Some of the factors responsible for this center on the fact that the available machineries are for turkey projects, which are expensive and as such they are viewed irrelevant among the small scale stakeholders in the developing nations, based on the quantity of their produce. In order to find solution to some of these challenges, the present study utilizes the characteristics of both nuts and shells of groundnuts to develop and evaluate the performance of a 20 kg/h groundnut shelling machine. The machine comprises five basic units, namely: the hopper, neck, shelling unit, power transmission unit and frame. The developed machine with a theoretically loading capacity of 2.5 kg/batch, required average of 58.02 minutes to shell the rated capacity to attain shelling efficiency of 80.39 % with loss of 3.125 % due to crushing. Findings show that the minimum productivity of the machine is 20.666 kg/hr, which improves as the moisture content of the feedstock reduces.

MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF BRASS REINFORCED WITH COCONUT SHELL ASH POWDER

Oluseyi Orisadare — 2021-11-29

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are materials in which metals are reinforced with other materials preferably of lower cost to improve their properties. In this present study, Brass /Coconut Shell Ash powder (CSAp) composites having 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% weight CSAp were fabricated by stir-casting method. The tensile strength of the MMCs is in the order 15% > 10% >5% > 0% of CSAp. Hardness of the MMCs increases slightly with increase in the percentage body weight of CSAp, in the order 15% > 10% >5% > 0% of CSAp. The highest impact energy of 61 J was obtained for 5% CSAp. However, significant improvement in tensile strength and hardness values was noticeable at the 15%. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the MMCs shows dendritic structures formation, the reinforcing particles (CSAp) are visible and clearly delineated in the microstructure. Hence, this study has established that reinforcing brass matrix with coconut shell ash particles can result in the production of low cost brass composites with enhanced tensile strength, hardness and impact energy values.

EVALUATION OF THE INDOOR AIR VELOCITY OF A SIDEWALL INLET AND ROOF EXHAUST VENTILATED BROILER SHED USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

Ayoola Jongbo — 2021-11-30

Fast-growing broiler chickens, bred for meat, find it difficult to adapt to warm conditions during hot weather periods in an enclosed environment. They tend to change their behavioural and physiological mechanisms to survive. This study was carried out to evaluate the air velocity distributions within a sidewall inlet and roof exhaust ventilated broiler shed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The simulation was conducted using three turbulence models (standard, realizable, and SST ) to determine the best predictive model for the hot weather ventilation of the broiler shed under consideration. The results predicted by the turbulence models were validated with the field experimental results. It was discovered that the standard turbulence model predicted air velocity distributions, close to that of the air velocity distributions obtained during the experimental study except at the centre of the broiler shed where the CFD predicted higher air velocity. This shows that CFD could be adopted by Agricultural Engineers to create appropriate environments for animals before the structures are physically erected.

THE PERFORMANCE OF DVB-T2 SIGNAL NETWORK IN THE DRY SEASON

E.E. Igbonoba — 2021-11-30

This study presents the performance of DVB-T2 Television network in Jos using Integrated Television Services Limited signal (NTA Signal Distribution Company). The perturbation arising from poor weather conditions remain a major problem to TV signal transmission in Nigeria due to signal attenuation and degradation between the transmitter and receiver station. These atmospheric perturbations are prevalent along the signal paths. This research aim is to evaluate the performance of DVB-T2 TV network in Jos, Plateau State. Drive test measurements methodology was adopted in measuring field strength and received signal strength parameters. These measured parameters were used to calculate for CNR and SNR through empirical method. Finally, CNR and SNR were used to evaluate the performance of DVB-T2 television network in Jos. The result of the research shows that DVB-T2 television network had a better signal quality (performance and coverage) in the dry season compared to the raining season.

EVALUATION OF DELONIX REGIA SEEDS AS A NATURAL COAGULANT IN THE TREATMENT OF LOW TURBID WATER

Taiwo Olabanji — 2021-11-30

This research aims at evaluating the effectiveness of Delonix regia as a natural coagulant in treating low turbid water. The active ingredient of the coagulant was extracted using Soxhlet Apparatus with Hexane as the solvent. The water sample was obtained from the famous Ala river in Akure, Ondo state. The water from this river is oftentimes used by the residents without treatment because it appears clean to them, this river had a turbidity of 18.4NTU which is above the standard (5NTU) required by the World Health Organization (WHO) for safe usage. After treating with different doses (0.03g/L to 0.4g/L) of the coagulant, an optimum value of 6.12NTU at an optimum dose of 0.03g/L and a turbidity reduction of was obtained 66.74%, alongside an improvement in other water parameters such as Conductivity, dissolved oxygen and total dissolved solids. This result proves the effectiveness of Delonix regia as a natural coagulant in treating low turbid water. However, treatment with Delonix regia is not sufficient to improve the quality of low turbid water to WHO acceptable limits for potable water.

IMPACT OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGES ON RUNOFF PREDICTION IN OGBESE RIVER WATERSHED

Obinna Obiora-Okeke — 2021-11-30

Land use and land cover (LULC) changes in Ogbese watershed due to urbanization implies increased areas of low infiltration. This results to higher flow rates downstream the watershed. This study estimates the changes in peak flow rates at the watershed’s outlet for present and future LULC. Rainfall-runoff simulation was achieved with Hydrologic Engineering Centre-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) version 4.2 while future LULC was projected with Markov Chain model. Rainfall inputs to the hydrologic model were obtained from intensity-duration-frequency curves for Ondo state. Landsat 7, Enhanced Thematic mapper plus (ETM+) image and Landsat 8 operational land imager (OLI) with path 190 and row 2 were used to generate LULC images for the years 2002, 2015 and 2019. Six LULC classes were extracted as follows: built up area, bare surface, vegetation, wetland, rock outcrop and waterbody. Future LULC in year 2025 and 2029 were projected with Markov Chain model. The model prediction was verified with Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency index (NSE). NSE value of 0.79 was calculated indicating LULC changes in the watershed was Markovian. Results show that built up area cover in 2019 is projected to increase by 26.1% in 2024 and 39.9% in 2029 and wetland is projected to decreased by 1.2% in 2024 and 2.3% by 2029. Runoff peaks for these LULC projections indicate increase by 0.24% in 2024 and 1.19% in 2029 at the watershed’s outlets for 100-year return period rainfall.