Sustainable Application of Materials from Construction and Demolition Waste
A Review
Keywords:
Sustainability, Construction, Demolition, Reuse, RecyclingAbstract
The high level of waste produced by construction and demolition (C&D) is a major threat to the environment and human well-being, and is responsible for about half of global solid waste. There is an urgent need to employ methods of sustainability in managing waste, so as to alleviate the prevailingissues and environmental challenges which are caused by their disposal. The need for a sustainable approach to construction has been appraised in this review, considering the current sustainability practices along with their benefits and barriers. Focus was given to the sustainable use of construction and demolition (C&D) waste. Important materials that can be gotten from the C&D waste stream were evaluated, and methods of their possible reuse and recycling were examined. The appraisal also presents methods used to treat C&D waste, encouraging reuse and recycling of recycled materials to develop a healthy and liveable environment. It further promotes research and development on the reuse and recycling of C&D waste stream materials.
References
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Assessing the Potential of Plastics Recycling in the Construction and Demolition Activities (APPRICOD) (2004). "Guide: Towards sustainable plastic construction and demolition waste management in Europe." British Cement Association.
BS 8500-2 (2002). Concrete – Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206-1 – Part 2: Specification for constituent materials and concrete. British Standards Institution.
Brantley, A. S., & Townsend, T. G. (1999). "Leaching of Pollutants from Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement". Environmental Engineering Science,16(2), pp. 105-116.
Bullen, P. A. (2007). "Adaptive Reuse and Sustainability of Commercial Buildings." Facilities, 25(1/2), pp. 20-31.
Cantell, S. F. (2005). "The Adaptive Reuse of Historic Industrial Buildings: Regulation Barriers, Best Practices and Case Studies." Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Chini, A. R., & Bruening, S. F. (2003). "Report 10- Deconstruction and Materials Reuse in the United States." The Future of Sustainable Construction, (14).
Chynoweth, P., Adejoke O. R., & Olukayode O. A. (2007). "Appropriate real estate laws and policies for sustainable development in Nigeria." Structural Survey, 25(3/4): 330-338.
Conejos, S., Langston, C., & Smith, J. (2011). "Improving the implementation of adaptive
reuse strategies for historic buildings". Le Vie dei Mercanti S.A.V.E. HERITAGE: Safeguard of
Architectural, Visual, Environmental Heritage. Naples, Italy. Jun. 2011.
Corinaldesi, V. (2011). "Structural Concrete Prepared with Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate: From Investigation to Design". Advances in Civil Engineering, 2017, pp. 1-6.
Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPC) (2011). "Construction and Demolition Waste Guide - Recycling and Reuse Across the Supply Chain." Australia: Commonwealth of Australia.
Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform; Construction Sector Unit (DBERR) (2008). Strategy for Sustainable Construction. London, Stationery Office.
Doan, D. T., & Chinda, T. (2016). "Modeling Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Program in Bangkok: Benefit and Cost Analysis." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 142(12).
Dolan, P. J., Lampo, R. G., & Dearborn, J. C. (1999). "Concepts for Reuse and Recycling of
Construction and Demolition Waste." USACERL Technical Report 97/58, US Army Corps of Engineers.
Ekanayake, L. L., & Ofori, G. (2000). "Construction material wastes source evaluation. Strategy for a Sustainable Built Environment, Pretoria." Department of Building, National University of Singapore.
El-Haggar, S. (2007). "Sustainable industrial design and waste management: cradle-to-cradle for sustainable development." Academic Press.
Elgizawy, S. M., El-Haggar, S., & Nassar, K. (2016). "Approaching Sustainability of Construction and Demolition Waste Using Zero Waste Concept." Low Carbon Economy, 7(01).
Ferriz-Papi, J. A., Thomas, S. (2017). "Recycled Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste in the Production of Concrete Blocks". International Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, 1(10), pp. 1397-1402.
Ganiron Jr, T. U. (2015). "Recycling Concrete Debris from Construction and Demolition Waste." International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 77, pp. 7-24.
Griffin, C. T., Knowles, C., Theodoropoulos, C., & Allen, J. H. (2010). "Barriers to the implementation of sustainable structural materials in green buildings." Structures & Architecture: ICSA 2010-1st International Conference on Structures & Architecture. Guimaraes, Portugal, CRC Press: 329.
Guy, B., Shell, S., & Esherick, H. (2006). "Design for deconstruction and materials reuse." Proceedings of the CIB Task Group, 39(4), pp. 189-209.
Hansen, T. C., and Narud, H. (1983). "Strength of recycled concrete made from crushed concrete coarse aggregate." Concrete International—Design and Construction, 5(1), pp. 79–83.
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Hendriks, F. & Pietersen, H.S. (2000). Sustainable Raw Materials - Construction and Demolition Waste - State of the Art Report of RILEM TC 165-SRM. Report - rep022.
Herrador, R., Pérez, P., Garach, L., & Ordóñez, J. (2011). "Use of recycled construction and demolition waste aggregate for road course surfacing." Journal of Transportation Engineering, 138(2), pp. 182-190.
Jeffrey, C. (2011). "Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling-A Literature Review." Dalhousie University’s Office of Sustainability, 35.
Kamaruddin, M. A., Abdullah, M. M. A., Zawawi, M. H., & Zainol, M. R. R. A. (2017). "Potential use of Plastic Waste as Construction Materials: Recent Progress and Future Prospect". IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 267(2017), pp.1-10.
Kibert, C. J., Chini, A., & Languell, J. (2000). "Deconstruction as an essential component of sustainable construction." In Proceedings of the second Southern African conference on sustainable development in the built environment, Pretoria, pp. 1-5.
Kim, J. J. (2002). "Introduction to sustainable design." Masterbuilder, 3(6), pp. 34-44.
Krivit, D. (2007). "Recycling tear-off asphalt shingles: Best practices guide." The Construction Materials Recycling Association (CMRA), Eola, Illinois.
Kuosa, H. (2012). "Reuse of recycled aggregates and other C&D wastes." Research Report, Project-Advanced Solutions for Recycling Complex and New Materials, 2010–2012, VTT.
Landman, M. (1999). "Breaking through the barriers to sustainable building: Insights from building professionals on government initiatives to promote environmentally sound practices." Tufts University.
Lu, Y. (2012). "Sustainability and Innovative Construction: Green Building with Concrete." Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2(5).
Macozoma, D. (2002). "Secondary construction materials: an alternative resource pool for future construction needs." In Proceedings of Concrete for the 21st Century Eskom Conference Centre, Midrand, Gauteng (2002).
Martek, I., Hosseini, M.R., Shrestha, A., Zavadskas, E.K., & Seaton, S. (2018). "The Sustainability Narrative in Contemporary Architecture." Sustainability, 10(981), pp. 1-18.
Meyer, C. (2005). "Concrete as a green building material." In Construction Material Mindess Symposium (2005).
Meyer, C., Egosi, N. & Andela, C. (2001). "Concrete with Waste Glass as Aggregate" in "Recycling and Re-use of Glass Cullet", Dhir, Dyer and Limbachiya, editors. In Proceedings of the International Symposium Concrete Technology Unit of ASCE and University of Dundee, March 19-20, 2001.
Nadarason, K., Nagapan, S., Abdullah, A. H., Yunus, R., Abas, N. H., Hasmori, M. F., Vejayakumaran, K. (2018). "Recycling Practices of Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste In Construction Industry". Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 10(6), pp. 281-289.
Ogundeji, I., & Adediran, Y. M. D. (2014). "Sustainable Construction: Comparative Advantages of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Fascia in Housing Delivery in Nigeria." Civil and Environmental Research, 6(10), pp. 66-75.
Ortiz, O., Castells, F., & Sonnemann, G. (2009). "Sustainability in the construction industry: A review of recent developments based on LCA." Constr. Build. Matter, (23), pp. 28-39.
Otoko, G. R. (2014). "Review of the Use of Construction and Demolition Waste in Concrete." International Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 2(4), pp. 1-8.
Pan, J. W., Feng, Y. T., Wang, J. T., Sun, Q. C., Zhang, C. H., Owen, D. R. J. (2012). "Modelling of alkali-silica reaction in concrete: a review". Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 6(1), pp. 1-18.
Price, W. F. (2002). "Mix Design Specification for Low Strength Concretes Containing Recycled and Secondary Aggregates." Banbury, Oxon.
Rohracher, H. (2001). "Managing the technological transition to sustainable construction of buildings: A socio-technical perspective." Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 13(1), pp. 137-150.
Rush, S. (2019). "Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling Metal". Available at: http://www.bouchercon2016.com/advantages-disadvantages-of-recycling-metal/. Date Accessed: 24th September, 2019.
Sabnis, G. M. (2015). "Green Building with Concrete: Sustainable Design and Construction." CRC Press.
Santos, L. G., Baptista, A. M., & Capitao, S. D. (2010). "Assessment of the Use of Hot-Mix Recycled Asphalt Concrete in Plant". Journal of Transportation Engineering, (2010), pp. 1159-1164.
Safiuddin, M., Alengaram, U. J., Rahman, M. M., Salam, M. S., Jumaat, M. Z. (2013). "Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate In Concrete: A Review". Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 19(6), pp. 796-810.
Sarafides, A. (2007). "Creating Sustainable Communities - A Guide for Developers and Communities". Office of Planning and Sustainable Communities, New Jersey.
Shahidan, S., Azmi, M.A.M., Kupusamy, K., Zuki, S.S.M, & Ali, N. (2017). "Utilizing Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste as Recycled Aggregates (RA) in Concrete". Procedia Engineering, 174(2017), pp. 1028-1035.
Shayan, A. (2002). "Value-added Utilisation of Waste Glass in Concrete". In IABSE Symposium Melbourne.
Shedivy, R. F. & Meier, A. (2012). "Leaching Characteristics of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Used as Unbound Road Base". University of Wisconsin System Solid Waste Research Program - Student Project Report.
Spivey, D. A. (1974). "Environmental and Construction Management Engineers." Journal of Construction, (100), pp. 395-401.
Taiwo, A., & Adeboye, A. (2013). "Sustainable Housing Supply in Nigeria Through the Use of Indigenous and Composite Building Materials." Civil and Environmental Research, 3(1).
Tam, V. W. Y. (2009). "Comparing the implementation of concrete recycling in Australian and Japanese construction industry." Journal of Cleaner Production, (17), 688-702.
Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H., & Eliassen, R. (1977). "Solid Wastes: Engineering Principles and Management Issues." New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.
The Heritage Council (2004). "Built to Last: The Sustainable Reuse of Buildings – An Action of the Dublin City Heritage Plan." Dublin.
USEPA, US Environmental Protection Agency. (1997). Measuring Recycling: A Guide for State and Local Governments.
USEPA, US Environmental Protection Agency. (2003). Estimating 2003 building-related construction and demolition materials amounts. (ICF Incorporated Contract No. 68-W3-0008).
Williams, K., & Dair, C. (2007). "What is stopping sustainable building in England? Barriers experienced by stakeholders in delivering sustainable developments." Sustainable Development, 15(3), pp. 135-147.
Winkler, G. (2010). "Recycling Construction & Demolition Waste: A LEED-Based Toolkit (GreenSource)." McGraw Hill Professional
Xiao, J., Li, L., Tam, V.W.Y., & Li, H. (2014). "The state of the art regarding the longâ€term properties of recycled aggregate concrete". Structural Concrete, 15(1), pp. 3-12.
Zhang, W. & Ingham, J. M. (2010). "Using recycled concrete aggregates in New Zealand ready-mix concrete production." Journal of materials in civil engineering, 22(5), pp. 443-450.
Assessing the Potential of Plastics Recycling in the Construction and Demolition Activities (APPRICOD) (2004). "Guide: Towards sustainable plastic construction and demolition waste management in Europe." British Cement Association.
BS 8500-2 (2002). Concrete – Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206-1 – Part 2: Specification for constituent materials and concrete. British Standards Institution.
Brantley, A. S., & Townsend, T. G. (1999). "Leaching of Pollutants from Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement". Environmental Engineering Science,16(2), pp. 105-116.
Bullen, P. A. (2007). "Adaptive Reuse and Sustainability of Commercial Buildings." Facilities, 25(1/2), pp. 20-31.
Cantell, S. F. (2005). "The Adaptive Reuse of Historic Industrial Buildings: Regulation Barriers, Best Practices and Case Studies." Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Chini, A. R., & Bruening, S. F. (2003). "Report 10- Deconstruction and Materials Reuse in the United States." The Future of Sustainable Construction, (14).
Chynoweth, P., Adejoke O. R., & Olukayode O. A. (2007). "Appropriate real estate laws and policies for sustainable development in Nigeria." Structural Survey, 25(3/4): 330-338.
Conejos, S., Langston, C., & Smith, J. (2011). "Improving the implementation of adaptive
reuse strategies for historic buildings". Le Vie dei Mercanti S.A.V.E. HERITAGE: Safeguard of
Architectural, Visual, Environmental Heritage. Naples, Italy. Jun. 2011.
Corinaldesi, V. (2011). "Structural Concrete Prepared with Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate: From Investigation to Design". Advances in Civil Engineering, 2017, pp. 1-6.
Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPC) (2011). "Construction and Demolition Waste Guide - Recycling and Reuse Across the Supply Chain." Australia: Commonwealth of Australia.
Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform; Construction Sector Unit (DBERR) (2008). Strategy for Sustainable Construction. London, Stationery Office.
Doan, D. T., & Chinda, T. (2016). "Modeling Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Program in Bangkok: Benefit and Cost Analysis." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 142(12).
Dolan, P. J., Lampo, R. G., & Dearborn, J. C. (1999). "Concepts for Reuse and Recycling of
Construction and Demolition Waste." USACERL Technical Report 97/58, US Army Corps of Engineers.
Ekanayake, L. L., & Ofori, G. (2000). "Construction material wastes source evaluation. Strategy for a Sustainable Built Environment, Pretoria." Department of Building, National University of Singapore.
El-Haggar, S. (2007). "Sustainable industrial design and waste management: cradle-to-cradle for sustainable development." Academic Press.
Elgizawy, S. M., El-Haggar, S., & Nassar, K. (2016). "Approaching Sustainability of Construction and Demolition Waste Using Zero Waste Concept." Low Carbon Economy, 7(01).
Ferriz-Papi, J. A., Thomas, S. (2017). "Recycled Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste in the Production of Concrete Blocks". International Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, 1(10), pp. 1397-1402.
Ganiron Jr, T. U. (2015). "Recycling Concrete Debris from Construction and Demolition Waste." International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 77, pp. 7-24.
Griffin, C. T., Knowles, C., Theodoropoulos, C., & Allen, J. H. (2010). "Barriers to the implementation of sustainable structural materials in green buildings." Structures & Architecture: ICSA 2010-1st International Conference on Structures & Architecture. Guimaraes, Portugal, CRC Press: 329.
Guy, B., Shell, S., & Esherick, H. (2006). "Design for deconstruction and materials reuse." Proceedings of the CIB Task Group, 39(4), pp. 189-209.
Hansen, T. C., and Narud, H. (1983). "Strength of recycled concrete made from crushed concrete coarse aggregate." Concrete International—Design and Construction, 5(1), pp. 79–83.
Hansen, T. C. (1992). "Recycling of Demolished Concrete and Masonry - RILEM Report No. 6. Report of Technical Committee 37-DRC Demolition and Reuse of Concrete." E & FN Spon Press, London.
Hendriks, F. & Pietersen, H.S. (2000). Sustainable Raw Materials - Construction and Demolition Waste - State of the Art Report of RILEM TC 165-SRM. Report - rep022.
Herrador, R., Pérez, P., Garach, L., & Ordóñez, J. (2011). "Use of recycled construction and demolition waste aggregate for road course surfacing." Journal of Transportation Engineering, 138(2), pp. 182-190.
Jeffrey, C. (2011). "Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling-A Literature Review." Dalhousie University’s Office of Sustainability, 35.
Kamaruddin, M. A., Abdullah, M. M. A., Zawawi, M. H., & Zainol, M. R. R. A. (2017). "Potential use of Plastic Waste as Construction Materials: Recent Progress and Future Prospect". IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 267(2017), pp.1-10.
Kibert, C. J., Chini, A., & Languell, J. (2000). "Deconstruction as an essential component of sustainable construction." In Proceedings of the second Southern African conference on sustainable development in the built environment, Pretoria, pp. 1-5.
Kim, J. J. (2002). "Introduction to sustainable design." Masterbuilder, 3(6), pp. 34-44.
Krivit, D. (2007). "Recycling tear-off asphalt shingles: Best practices guide." The Construction Materials Recycling Association (CMRA), Eola, Illinois.
Kuosa, H. (2012). "Reuse of recycled aggregates and other C&D wastes." Research Report, Project-Advanced Solutions for Recycling Complex and New Materials, 2010–2012, VTT.
Landman, M. (1999). "Breaking through the barriers to sustainable building: Insights from building professionals on government initiatives to promote environmentally sound practices." Tufts University.
Lu, Y. (2012). "Sustainability and Innovative Construction: Green Building with Concrete." Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2(5).
Macozoma, D. (2002). "Secondary construction materials: an alternative resource pool for future construction needs." In Proceedings of Concrete for the 21st Century Eskom Conference Centre, Midrand, Gauteng (2002).
Martek, I., Hosseini, M.R., Shrestha, A., Zavadskas, E.K., & Seaton, S. (2018). "The Sustainability Narrative in Contemporary Architecture." Sustainability, 10(981), pp. 1-18.
Meyer, C. (2005). "Concrete as a green building material." In Construction Material Mindess Symposium (2005).
Meyer, C., Egosi, N. & Andela, C. (2001). "Concrete with Waste Glass as Aggregate" in "Recycling and Re-use of Glass Cullet", Dhir, Dyer and Limbachiya, editors. In Proceedings of the International Symposium Concrete Technology Unit of ASCE and University of Dundee, March 19-20, 2001.
Nadarason, K., Nagapan, S., Abdullah, A. H., Yunus, R., Abas, N. H., Hasmori, M. F., Vejayakumaran, K. (2018). "Recycling Practices of Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste In Construction Industry". Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 10(6), pp. 281-289.
Ogundeji, I., & Adediran, Y. M. D. (2014). "Sustainable Construction: Comparative Advantages of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Fascia in Housing Delivery in Nigeria." Civil and Environmental Research, 6(10), pp. 66-75.
Ortiz, O., Castells, F., & Sonnemann, G. (2009). "Sustainability in the construction industry: A review of recent developments based on LCA." Constr. Build. Matter, (23), pp. 28-39.
Otoko, G. R. (2014). "Review of the Use of Construction and Demolition Waste in Concrete." International Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 2(4), pp. 1-8.
Pan, J. W., Feng, Y. T., Wang, J. T., Sun, Q. C., Zhang, C. H., Owen, D. R. J. (2012). "Modelling of alkali-silica reaction in concrete: a review". Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 6(1), pp. 1-18.
Price, W. F. (2002). "Mix Design Specification for Low Strength Concretes Containing Recycled and Secondary Aggregates." Banbury, Oxon.
Rohracher, H. (2001). "Managing the technological transition to sustainable construction of buildings: A socio-technical perspective." Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 13(1), pp. 137-150.
Rush, S. (2019). "Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling Metal". Available at: http://www.bouchercon2016.com/advantages-disadvantages-of-recycling-metal/. Date Accessed: 24th September, 2019.
Sabnis, G. M. (2015). "Green Building with Concrete: Sustainable Design and Construction." CRC Press.
Santos, L. G., Baptista, A. M., & Capitao, S. D. (2010). "Assessment of the Use of Hot-Mix Recycled Asphalt Concrete in Plant". Journal of Transportation Engineering, (2010), pp. 1159-1164.
Safiuddin, M., Alengaram, U. J., Rahman, M. M., Salam, M. S., Jumaat, M. Z. (2013). "Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate In Concrete: A Review". Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 19(6), pp. 796-810.
Sarafides, A. (2007). "Creating Sustainable Communities - A Guide for Developers and Communities". Office of Planning and Sustainable Communities, New Jersey.
Shahidan, S., Azmi, M.A.M., Kupusamy, K., Zuki, S.S.M, & Ali, N. (2017). "Utilizing Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste as Recycled Aggregates (RA) in Concrete". Procedia Engineering, 174(2017), pp. 1028-1035.
Shayan, A. (2002). "Value-added Utilisation of Waste Glass in Concrete". In IABSE Symposium Melbourne.
Shedivy, R. F. & Meier, A. (2012). "Leaching Characteristics of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Used as Unbound Road Base". University of Wisconsin System Solid Waste Research Program - Student Project Report.
Spivey, D. A. (1974). "Environmental and Construction Management Engineers." Journal of Construction, (100), pp. 395-401.
Taiwo, A., & Adeboye, A. (2013). "Sustainable Housing Supply in Nigeria Through the Use of Indigenous and Composite Building Materials." Civil and Environmental Research, 3(1).
Tam, V. W. Y. (2009). "Comparing the implementation of concrete recycling in Australian and Japanese construction industry." Journal of Cleaner Production, (17), 688-702.
Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H., & Eliassen, R. (1977). "Solid Wastes: Engineering Principles and Management Issues." New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.
The Heritage Council (2004). "Built to Last: The Sustainable Reuse of Buildings – An Action of the Dublin City Heritage Plan." Dublin.
USEPA, US Environmental Protection Agency. (1997). Measuring Recycling: A Guide for State and Local Governments.
USEPA, US Environmental Protection Agency. (2003). Estimating 2003 building-related construction and demolition materials amounts. (ICF Incorporated Contract No. 68-W3-0008).
Williams, K., & Dair, C. (2007). "What is stopping sustainable building in England? Barriers experienced by stakeholders in delivering sustainable developments." Sustainable Development, 15(3), pp. 135-147.
Winkler, G. (2010). "Recycling Construction & Demolition Waste: A LEED-Based Toolkit (GreenSource)." McGraw Hill Professional
Xiao, J., Li, L., Tam, V.W.Y., & Li, H. (2014). "The state of the art regarding the longâ€term properties of recycled aggregate concrete". Structural Concrete, 15(1), pp. 3-12.
Zhang, W. & Ingham, J. M. (2010). "Using recycled concrete aggregates in New Zealand ready-mix concrete production." Journal of materials in civil engineering, 22(5), pp. 443-450.
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