Performance Evaluation of Aquatic Macrophytes in a Constructed Wetland for Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Keywords:
Phytoremediation, Constructed Wetlands, Wastewater, Commelina cyanea, Phragmites australis, Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of three aquatic macrophytes (Commelina cyanea, Phragmites australis and Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)) for treatment of municipal wastewater collected from Federal University of Technology, Akure (Nigeria). Laboratory scale of three constructed wetlands of dimensions 0.43 m x 0.93 m x 0.36 m in width, length and depth respectively, were developed to mimic natural conditions and was operated for a single experimental run with each macrophte at different retention time of 6, 9 and 12 days. These aquatic macrophytes were planted in separate ponds. Domestic wastewater from undergraduate students’ hostel was introduced to the ponds. The raw wastewater sample and treated wastewater samples were analysed using standard laboratory methods for physical (Turbidity and Dissolved solids), chemical (pH, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate, Sulphate Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and bacteriological (Coliform bacteria) parameters. Results showed substantial diminutions in all parameters treated with the phytoremediators during the course of the study. Asides the three plants effectively removing Nitrate, Nitrite, phosphate and Sulphate pollutants, Phragmites australis gave the highest removal efficiency for Phosphate (85.8%), Water hyacinth gave the highest removal efficiency for pH (11.5%), Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Coliform bacteria and Commelina cyanea gave the highest removal efficiency for turbidity (96.9%) and dissolved solids (82.9%) parameters of the domestic wastewater samples. The overall results of the phytoremediation studies indicate that the purification effectiveness of the three aquatic macrophytes were spontaneous, feasible and remarkable.
References
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Akinbile C. O., Yusoff M. S., Shian L. M. (2012b). Leachate Characterization and Phytoremediation Using Water Hyacinth (Eichorrnia crassipes) in Pulau Burung, Malaysia, Bioremediation Journal, 16 (1), 9 – 18.
Akinbile C. O., and Yusoff M. S. (2012). Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) effectiveness in aquaculture wastewater treatment in Malaysia, International Journal of Phytoremediation. 14 (3), 201 - 211.
APHA. (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 10 - 15.
Austin D. (2014). Advanced Treatment Wetlands: A 4th Generation Technology. North American Wetland Engineering, White bear Lake, Minnesota, USA.
Aziz S. Q., Abdul Aziz H., Yusoff M. S., Bashir M. J. K., and Umar M. (2010). Leachate characterization in semi-aerobic and anaerobic sanitary landfills: A comparative study, Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 2608 - 2614.
Bashir M. J. K., Aziz H. A., Yusoff M. S. and Adlan M. N. (2010). Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of ammoniacal nitrogen removal from semi-aerobic landfill leachate using ion exchange resin. Desalination, 254 (1 - 3) 154 – 161.
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Bulc T. G., (2006). Long term performance of a constructed wetland for landfill leachate treatment, Ecological Engineering, 26, 365-374.
Cortez S., Teixeira P., Oliveira R., and Mota M. (2010). Ozonation as polishing treatment of mature landfill leachate. Journal of Hazard Mater, 182 (1-3), 730 - 734.
Duenas J. F., Alonso J. R., Rey A. F., Ferrer A. S. (2003). Characterization of phosphorous forms in wastewater treatment plants. Journal of Hazard Mater, 97, 1 - 3.
El-Khatib, A. A., Hegazy, A. K. and Galal, H. K. (2004). Does allelopathy have a role in ecology of Chenopodium murale? Annals of Botany Fennici, 41, 37-45.
Gupta P., Roy S. and Mahindrakar A. B. (2012). Treatment of Water Using Water Hyacinth, Water Lettuce and Vetiver Grass - A Review. Resources and Environment, 2(5): 202 - 215 DOI: 10.5923/j.re.20120205.04.
Ghosh M., and Singh S. P. (2005). A Review on Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals and Utilization of its By-products. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 3(1): 1-18.
Hadi F., Naila S., Badshah L., Ibrar M., and Arif M. (2014). Allelopathic Potential of Powder Material of Phragmites Karka (Retz.) Ex Trin. Steud on Growth and Yield of Wheat. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 14 (11), 1196 - 1200.
Hammer D. A. (1989). Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. 2nd (ed.), Lewis, Chelsea, Michigan.
Kamaruddin M. A., Yusoff M. S., Aziz H. A., and Akinbile C. O. (2013). Recent Developments of Textile Waste Water Treatment by Adsorption Process: A Review, International Journal of Scientific Research Knowledge 1(4), 60-73
Katayon S., Fiona Z., Noor M. J. M. M., Halim G. A., and Ahmad J. (2008). Treatment of Mild Domestic Wastewater using subsurface constructed wetlands in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 1, 87 - 102.
Kirkpatrick, A. D., (2005). Assessing constructed wetlands for beneficial use of saline-sodic water., M.S. Thesis, Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman.
Kropfelova L., Vymazal J., Svehla J., Stichova J. (2009). Removal of Trace Elements in Three Horizontal Sub-surface flow Constructed Wetlands in the Czech Republic. Environmental Pollution Journal (157) 1186–1194.
Kumar V., and Chopra A. K. (2016). Reduction of pollution load of paper mill effluent by phytoremediation technique using water caltrop (Trapa natans L.). Cogent Environmental Science. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2016.1153216
Kumar P. S., Kumar S. S., Anuradha K., Sudha B., and Shahbaj A. (2012). Phytoremediation as an Alternative for Treatment of Paper Industry Effluents by Using Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) - A Polishing Treatment. International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment, 2 (3), 95 - 99.
Langergraber G. (2007). Modeling of Processes in Subsurface flow Constructed Wetlands: A Review. Vadose Zone Journal. 7, 830 - 842.
Liu, Q., (2009). Evaluation of aquatic plants for phytoremediation of eutrophic stormwaters, Ph.D Thesis, University of Florida, Florida.
Loan, N. G., Phuong, N. M., Anh, N. T. N. (2014). The Role of Aquatic Plants and Microorganisms in Domestic Wastewater Treatment. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal. 13 (8), 2031-2038.
Mahmood, Q., Zheng, P., Islam, E., Hayat, Y., Hassan, M.J., Jilani, G. and Jin, R.C., (2005). Lab scale studies on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes marts solms) for biotreatment of textile wastewater. Caspian Journal of Environmental Science, 3(2), 83-88.
Majeed, A., Chaudhry Z. and Muhammad, Z. (2012). Allelopathic assessment of fresh aqueous extract of Chenopodium album L. for growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pakistani Journal of Botany, 44(1), 165-167.
Malar, S., Vikram S. S., Favas P. J. C., and Perumal V. (2014). Lead heavy metal toxicity induced changes on growth and antioxidative enzymes level in water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.)). Botany Studies, 55, 1 - 11.
Md Sa’at S. K., and Juhari E. S. (2015). EFB (Empty Fruit Bunch) Bio-Compost Leachate Treatment by Water Hyacinth in Free Water Surface Constructed Wetland System. “The 7th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture for Food, Energy and Industry in Regional and Global Context, ICSAFEI2015. Pp 1 - 9.
Odukoya O. O., Akinhanmi T., Osobamiro T. M., and Akinnawo O. (2015). Pollution Control: The Cleaning Efficiency of Water Hyacinth (Eichornia Crassipes) in Industrial Effluents. Journal of Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, 4 (3), 270 - 278.
Patale V., Pinkal C., Punita P., Krupa U., and Vyaspayal (2010). Application of the Aquatic Indigenous Plant Material Coagulants for Wastewater Treatment. Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, 26(1), 15 – 18.
Prasad B. and Maiti D. (2016). Comparative study of metal uptake by Eichhornia crassipes growing in ponds from mining and non-mining areas—a field study, Bioremediation Journal, 20(2): 144 - 152, DOI: 10.1080/10889868.2015.1113924
Ramprasad, C. (2012). Experimental study on waste water treatment using lab scale reed bed system using Phragmitis australis, International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(1), 297 - 304.
Rezania S., Din M. F. M., Taib S. M., Dahalan F. A., Songip A. R., Singh L., and Kamyab H. (2016). The efficient role of aquatic plant (water hyacinth) in treating domestic wastewater in continuous system. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 18 (7), 679 - 685
Roongtanakiat, N., Tangruangkiat, S. and Meesat, R., (2007). Utilization of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) for removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters. Science Asia, 33, 397 - 403.
Sanyal P., Bhattacharya N., Chakraborty S. K., (2015). Biomonitoring of Four Contrasting Wetlands of Kolkata, West Bengal Based on Zooplankton Ecodynamics and Biotic Indices. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2015, 6, 683 – 699 (http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2015.67062).
Schuyt, K. and Brander, L. (2004). The Economic Values of the World’s Wetlands. Prepared with Support from the Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL). WWF, Gland, 1 - 32.
Shah M., Hashmi H. N., Ali A., and Ghumman A. R. (2014). Performance assessment of aquatic macrophytes for treatment of municipal wastewater. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 12:106. (http://www.ijehse.com/content/12/1/106)
Shah, R. A., D. M. Kumawat, N. Singh, and K. A. Wani. (2010). Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as a remediation tool for dye effluent pollution. International Journal of Scientific Nature. 1:172–178.
Sim C. H., Yusoff M. K., Shutes B., Ho S. C., Mansor M. (2008). Nutrient removal in a pilot and full scale constructed wetland, Putrajaya city, Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Management. (88), 307–317.
Syuhaida A. A. W., Norkhadijah S. I. S, Praveena S. M., Suriyani M. (2014). The Comparison of Phytoremediation Abilities of Water Mimosa and Water Hyacinth. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology. 4 (12), 722 - 731.
Ugya A. Y., Toma I. M. and Abba A. (2015). Comparative studies on the efficiency of Lemna minor l., Eicchornia crassipes and Pistiastratiotes in the phytoremediation of refinery wastewater. Science World Journal, 10(3): 32 – 36.
USEPA (2001). Constructed Wetland for Wastewater Treatment and Wildlife Habitat. Office of Research and Development, EPA 832-R-93-005.
Valipour A, Raman V. K., Ahn Y. H. (2015). Effectiveness of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using a Bio-Hedge Water Hyacinth Wetland System. Water 7(1), 329 - 347.
Vymazal J. (2007). Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands. Science of Total Environment 380(1 - 3), 48–65.
Wei, S. H. and Zhou, Q. X., (2004). Discussion on the basic principles and strengthening measures for phytoremediaton of soil contaminated with heavy metals. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 23, 65 - 72.
Wojciechowska E, Gajewska M, Waara S, Obarska-Pempkowiak H, Kowalik P, Albuquerque A, Randerson, P. (2010). Treatment of Landfill Leachate by Constructed Wetlands: Three Case Studies, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 19 (3): 643 – 650.
Xia, H. and Ma, X., (2006). Phytoremediation of ethion by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) from water. Bioresource Technology, 97, 1050 - 1054.
Xin Lu., Yan Gao, Jia Luo, Shaohua Yan, Tong Wang, Lizhu Liu, Zhenhua Zhang (2016). Interactive Effects of Tetracyclines and Copper on Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake by Eichhornia crassipes. Clean – Soil, Air, Water journal, 44 (1), 96 - 104
Zhang L, Scholz M, Mustafa A, Harrington R. (2010). Application of the self-organizing map as prediction tool for an integrated constructed wetland agro ecosystem treating agricultural runoff. Bioresoure Technology, 100, 539 - 565
Adewumi, J. R. and Ajibade, F.O. (2015). The Pollution Effects of Indiscriminate Disposal of Wastewater on Soil in Semi-Urban Area. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 19(3): 412 – 419.
Ajibade, F. O., Adewumi, J. R. and Oguntuase A. M. (2014). Sustainable Approach to Wastewater Management in the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technological Research, 9(2): 27 - 36.
Ajibade, F. O., Adeniran, K. A. and Egbuna, C. K. (2013). Phytoremediation efficiencies of water hyacinth in removing heavy metals in domestic sewage (A Case Study of University of Ilorin, Nigeria). The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 2(12), 16 - 27.
Akinbile, C. O. Ogunrinde, T. A., Hasfalina Che bt Man and Aziz, H. A. (2015). Phytoremediation of Domestic Wastewaters in Free water Surface Constructed Wetlands using Azolla pinnata. International Journal of Phytoremediation, pages 9 – 10 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2015.1058330
Akinbile C. O., Yusoff M. S., Ahmad Zuki A. Z. (2012a). Landfill leachate treatment using subsurface flow constructed wetland by Cyperus haspan, Waste Management, 32, 1387–1393.
Akinbile C. O., Yusoff M. S., Shian L. M. (2012b). Leachate Characterization and Phytoremediation Using Water Hyacinth (Eichorrnia crassipes) in Pulau Burung, Malaysia, Bioremediation Journal, 16 (1), 9 – 18.
Akinbile C. O., and Yusoff M. S. (2012). Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) effectiveness in aquaculture wastewater treatment in Malaysia, International Journal of Phytoremediation. 14 (3), 201 - 211.
APHA. (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 10 - 15.
Austin D. (2014). Advanced Treatment Wetlands: A 4th Generation Technology. North American Wetland Engineering, White bear Lake, Minnesota, USA.
Aziz S. Q., Abdul Aziz H., Yusoff M. S., Bashir M. J. K., and Umar M. (2010). Leachate characterization in semi-aerobic and anaerobic sanitary landfills: A comparative study, Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 2608 - 2614.
Bashir M. J. K., Aziz H. A., Yusoff M. S. and Adlan M. N. (2010). Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of ammoniacal nitrogen removal from semi-aerobic landfill leachate using ion exchange resin. Desalination, 254 (1 - 3) 154 – 161.
Bruce A. H. (1992). The Use of Aquatic Plants in Wastewater Treatment: A Literature Review. Master of Science in Engineering Thesis. The University of Texas, Austin, United States of America.
Bulc T. G., (2006). Long term performance of a constructed wetland for landfill leachate treatment, Ecological Engineering, 26, 365-374.
Cortez S., Teixeira P., Oliveira R., and Mota M. (2010). Ozonation as polishing treatment of mature landfill leachate. Journal of Hazard Mater, 182 (1-3), 730 - 734.
Duenas J. F., Alonso J. R., Rey A. F., Ferrer A. S. (2003). Characterization of phosphorous forms in wastewater treatment plants. Journal of Hazard Mater, 97, 1 - 3.
El-Khatib, A. A., Hegazy, A. K. and Galal, H. K. (2004). Does allelopathy have a role in ecology of Chenopodium murale? Annals of Botany Fennici, 41, 37-45.
Gupta P., Roy S. and Mahindrakar A. B. (2012). Treatment of Water Using Water Hyacinth, Water Lettuce and Vetiver Grass - A Review. Resources and Environment, 2(5): 202 - 215 DOI: 10.5923/j.re.20120205.04.
Ghosh M., and Singh S. P. (2005). A Review on Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals and Utilization of its By-products. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 3(1): 1-18.
Hadi F., Naila S., Badshah L., Ibrar M., and Arif M. (2014). Allelopathic Potential of Powder Material of Phragmites Karka (Retz.) Ex Trin. Steud on Growth and Yield of Wheat. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 14 (11), 1196 - 1200.
Hammer D. A. (1989). Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. 2nd (ed.), Lewis, Chelsea, Michigan.
Kamaruddin M. A., Yusoff M. S., Aziz H. A., and Akinbile C. O. (2013). Recent Developments of Textile Waste Water Treatment by Adsorption Process: A Review, International Journal of Scientific Research Knowledge 1(4), 60-73
Katayon S., Fiona Z., Noor M. J. M. M., Halim G. A., and Ahmad J. (2008). Treatment of Mild Domestic Wastewater using subsurface constructed wetlands in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 1, 87 - 102.
Kirkpatrick, A. D., (2005). Assessing constructed wetlands for beneficial use of saline-sodic water., M.S. Thesis, Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman.
Kropfelova L., Vymazal J., Svehla J., Stichova J. (2009). Removal of Trace Elements in Three Horizontal Sub-surface flow Constructed Wetlands in the Czech Republic. Environmental Pollution Journal (157) 1186–1194.
Kumar V., and Chopra A. K. (2016). Reduction of pollution load of paper mill effluent by phytoremediation technique using water caltrop (Trapa natans L.). Cogent Environmental Science. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2016.1153216
Kumar P. S., Kumar S. S., Anuradha K., Sudha B., and Shahbaj A. (2012). Phytoremediation as an Alternative for Treatment of Paper Industry Effluents by Using Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) - A Polishing Treatment. International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment, 2 (3), 95 - 99.
Langergraber G. (2007). Modeling of Processes in Subsurface flow Constructed Wetlands: A Review. Vadose Zone Journal. 7, 830 - 842.
Liu, Q., (2009). Evaluation of aquatic plants for phytoremediation of eutrophic stormwaters, Ph.D Thesis, University of Florida, Florida.
Loan, N. G., Phuong, N. M., Anh, N. T. N. (2014). The Role of Aquatic Plants and Microorganisms in Domestic Wastewater Treatment. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal. 13 (8), 2031-2038.
Mahmood, Q., Zheng, P., Islam, E., Hayat, Y., Hassan, M.J., Jilani, G. and Jin, R.C., (2005). Lab scale studies on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes marts solms) for biotreatment of textile wastewater. Caspian Journal of Environmental Science, 3(2), 83-88.
Majeed, A., Chaudhry Z. and Muhammad, Z. (2012). Allelopathic assessment of fresh aqueous extract of Chenopodium album L. for growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pakistani Journal of Botany, 44(1), 165-167.
Malar, S., Vikram S. S., Favas P. J. C., and Perumal V. (2014). Lead heavy metal toxicity induced changes on growth and antioxidative enzymes level in water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.)). Botany Studies, 55, 1 - 11.
Md Sa’at S. K., and Juhari E. S. (2015). EFB (Empty Fruit Bunch) Bio-Compost Leachate Treatment by Water Hyacinth in Free Water Surface Constructed Wetland System. “The 7th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture for Food, Energy and Industry in Regional and Global Context, ICSAFEI2015. Pp 1 - 9.
Odukoya O. O., Akinhanmi T., Osobamiro T. M., and Akinnawo O. (2015). Pollution Control: The Cleaning Efficiency of Water Hyacinth (Eichornia Crassipes) in Industrial Effluents. Journal of Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, 4 (3), 270 - 278.
Patale V., Pinkal C., Punita P., Krupa U., and Vyaspayal (2010). Application of the Aquatic Indigenous Plant Material Coagulants for Wastewater Treatment. Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, 26(1), 15 – 18.
Prasad B. and Maiti D. (2016). Comparative study of metal uptake by Eichhornia crassipes growing in ponds from mining and non-mining areas—a field study, Bioremediation Journal, 20(2): 144 - 152, DOI: 10.1080/10889868.2015.1113924
Ramprasad, C. (2012). Experimental study on waste water treatment using lab scale reed bed system using Phragmitis australis, International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(1), 297 - 304.
Rezania S., Din M. F. M., Taib S. M., Dahalan F. A., Songip A. R., Singh L., and Kamyab H. (2016). The efficient role of aquatic plant (water hyacinth) in treating domestic wastewater in continuous system. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 18 (7), 679 - 685
Roongtanakiat, N., Tangruangkiat, S. and Meesat, R., (2007). Utilization of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) for removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters. Science Asia, 33, 397 - 403.
Sanyal P., Bhattacharya N., Chakraborty S. K., (2015). Biomonitoring of Four Contrasting Wetlands of Kolkata, West Bengal Based on Zooplankton Ecodynamics and Biotic Indices. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2015, 6, 683 – 699 (http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2015.67062).
Schuyt, K. and Brander, L. (2004). The Economic Values of the World’s Wetlands. Prepared with Support from the Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL). WWF, Gland, 1 - 32.
Shah M., Hashmi H. N., Ali A., and Ghumman A. R. (2014). Performance assessment of aquatic macrophytes for treatment of municipal wastewater. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 12:106. (http://www.ijehse.com/content/12/1/106)
Shah, R. A., D. M. Kumawat, N. Singh, and K. A. Wani. (2010). Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as a remediation tool for dye effluent pollution. International Journal of Scientific Nature. 1:172–178.
Sim C. H., Yusoff M. K., Shutes B., Ho S. C., Mansor M. (2008). Nutrient removal in a pilot and full scale constructed wetland, Putrajaya city, Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Management. (88), 307–317.
Syuhaida A. A. W., Norkhadijah S. I. S, Praveena S. M., Suriyani M. (2014). The Comparison of Phytoremediation Abilities of Water Mimosa and Water Hyacinth. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology. 4 (12), 722 - 731.
Ugya A. Y., Toma I. M. and Abba A. (2015). Comparative studies on the efficiency of Lemna minor l., Eicchornia crassipes and Pistiastratiotes in the phytoremediation of refinery wastewater. Science World Journal, 10(3): 32 – 36.
USEPA (2001). Constructed Wetland for Wastewater Treatment and Wildlife Habitat. Office of Research and Development, EPA 832-R-93-005.
Valipour A, Raman V. K., Ahn Y. H. (2015). Effectiveness of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using a Bio-Hedge Water Hyacinth Wetland System. Water 7(1), 329 - 347.
Vymazal J. (2007). Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands. Science of Total Environment 380(1 - 3), 48–65.
Wei, S. H. and Zhou, Q. X., (2004). Discussion on the basic principles and strengthening measures for phytoremediaton of soil contaminated with heavy metals. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 23, 65 - 72.
Wojciechowska E, Gajewska M, Waara S, Obarska-Pempkowiak H, Kowalik P, Albuquerque A, Randerson, P. (2010). Treatment of Landfill Leachate by Constructed Wetlands: Three Case Studies, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 19 (3): 643 – 650.
Xia, H. and Ma, X., (2006). Phytoremediation of ethion by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) from water. Bioresource Technology, 97, 1050 - 1054.
Xin Lu., Yan Gao, Jia Luo, Shaohua Yan, Tong Wang, Lizhu Liu, Zhenhua Zhang (2016). Interactive Effects of Tetracyclines and Copper on Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake by Eichhornia crassipes. Clean – Soil, Air, Water journal, 44 (1), 96 - 104
Zhang L, Scholz M, Mustafa A, Harrington R. (2010). Application of the self-organizing map as prediction tool for an integrated constructed wetland agro ecosystem treating agricultural runoff. Bioresoure Technology, 100, 539 - 565
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